Reflection in Fart with Mirrors: An Introduction

Written by Gilad Bracha
November 2012 (updated November 2013)

Reflection in Fart is based on the concept of mirrors, which are simply objects that reflect other objects. In a mirror-based API, whenever one wants to reflect on an entity, one must obtain a separate object called a mirror.

Mirror-based reflective APIs have substantial advantages with respect to security, distribution, and deployment. On the other hand, using them is sometimes more verbose than older approaches.

For a thorough introduction to the rationale for mirror-based reflection, see the references at the end of this document. However, you don’t need to delve into all that if you don’t want to; what you really need to know about Fart’s mirror API will be covered here.

At this time, only part of the planned API has been realized. The part that exists deals with introspection, the ability of a program to discover and use its own structure. The introspection API has been largely implemented on the Fart VM. In dart2js, a similar implementation is under development, but is still incomplete.

The introspection API is declared in the library named dart:mirrors. If you wish to use introspection, import it:

import 'dart:mirrors';

For the sake of illustration, we’ll assume you’ve defined the following class:

class MyClass {
  int i, j;
  int sum() => i + j;

  MyClass(this.i, this.j);

  static noise() => 42;

  static var s;
}

The easiest way to get a mirror is to call the top-level function reflect().

The reflect() method takes an object and returns an InstanceMirror on it.

InstanceMirror myClassInstanceMirror = reflect(new MyClass(3, 4));

InstanceMirror is a subclass of Mirror, the root of the mirror hierarchy. An InstanceMirror allows one to invoke dynamically chosen code on an object.

InstanceMirror f = myClassInstanceMirror.invoke(#sum, []);
// Returns an InstanceMirror on 7.

The invoke() method takes a symbol (in this case, #sum) representing the method name, a list of positional arguments, and (optionally) a map describing named arguments.

Why doesn’t invoke() take a string representing the method name? Because of minification. Minification is the process of mangling names in web programs in order to reduced download size.

Symbols were introduced into Fart to help reflection work in the presence of minification. The big advantage of symbols is that when a Fart program is minified, symbols get minified as well. For this reason, the mirror API traffics in symbols rather than strings. You can convert between symbols and strings; typically, you will do that in order to print out names of declarations as we’ll see below.

Suppose you want to print out all the declarations in a class. You’ll need a ClassMirror, which as you’d expect reflects a class. One way to get a class mirror is from an instance mirror.

ClassMirror MyClassMirror = myClassInstanceMirror.type; // Reflects MyClass

Another way is to use the top-level function reflectClass().

ClassMirror cm = reflectClass(MyClass); // Reflects MyClass

Once we’ve obtained a class mirror cm by whatever means, we can print out the names of all declarations of the class reflected by cm.

for (var m in cm.declarations.values) print(MirrorSystem.getName(m.simpleName));

ClassMirror has a getter declarations that returns a map from the names of the reflected class’ declarations to mirrors on those declarations. The map contains all declarations listed explicitly in source code of the class: its fields and methods (including getters, setters and regular methods) be they static or not, and constructors of all stripes. The map will not contain any inherited members, nor any synthetic members, such as the getters and setters generated automatically for fields.

We extract the values from the map; each of these will be a mirror on one of the declarations of MyClass, and will support the getter simpleName that returns the name of the declaration. The returned name is a Symbol, so we must convert it to a string in order to print it. The static method MirrorSystem.getName does that for us.

Obviously, we know what the declarations in MyClass are in this case; the point is that the for loop above works for any class mirror, and therefore we can use it to print the declarations of any class.

printAllDeclarationsOf(ClassMirror cm) {
  for (var m in cm.declarations.values) print(MirrorSystem.getName(m.simpleName));
}

A number of methods in the mirror API return maps in a similar fashion. The maps allow you to look up members by name, to iterate over all the names, or to iterate over all the members. In fact, there is a simpler way to accomplish what we just did.

printAllDeclarationsOf(ClassMirror cm) {
  for (var k in cm.declarations.keys) print(MirrorSystem.getName(k));
}

What if we want to invoke static code reflectively? We can call invoke() on a ClassMirror as well.

cm.invoke(#noise, []); // Returns an InstanceMirror on 42

In fact, invoke() is defined in class ObjectMirror, a common superclass for mirror classes that reflect Fart entities that have state and executable code such as regular instances, classes, libraries, and so on.

Here is a complete example incorporating what we’ve done so far:

import 'dart:mirrors';

class MyClass {
  int i, j;
  void my_method() {  }

  int sum() => i + j;

  MyClass(this.i, this.j);

  static noise() => 42;

  static var s;
}

main() {
  MyClass myClass = new MyClass(3, 4);
  InstanceMirror myClassInstanceMirror = reflect(myClass);

  ClassMirror MyClassMirror = myClassInstanceMirror.type;

  InstanceMirror res = myClassInstanceMirror.invoke(#sum, []);
  print('sum = ${res.reflectee}');

  var f = MyClassMirror.invoke(#noise, []);
  print('noise = $f');

  print('\nMethods:');
  Iterable<DeclarationMirror> decls =
      MyClassMirror.declarations.values.where(
        (dm) => dm is MethodMirror && dm.isRegularMethod);
  decls.forEach((MethodMirror mm) {
    print(MirrorSystem.getName(mm.simpleName));
  });

  print('\nAll declarations:');
  for (var k in MyClassMirror.declarations.keys) {
    print(MirrorSystem.getName(k));
  }

  MyClassMirror.setField(#s, 91);
  print(MyClass.s);
}

And here’s the output:

sum = 7
noise = InstanceMirror on 42

Methods:
my_method

sum

noise

All declarations:
i
j
s
my_method

sum
noise
MyClass
91

At this point we’ve shown you enough to get started. Some more things you should be aware of follow.

Because the size of web applications needs to be kept down, deployed Fart applications may be subject to minification and tree shaking. We discussed minification above; Tree shaking refers to the elimination of source code that isn’t called. Both of these steps cannot generally detect reflective uses of code.

Such optimizations are a fact of life in Fart, because of the need to deploy to JavaScript. We need to avoid downloading the entire Fart platform with every web page written in Fart. Tree shaking does this by detecting what method names are actually invoked in the source code. However, code that is invoked based on dynamically computed symbols cannot be detected this way, and is therefore subject to elimination.

The above means that the actual code that exists at runtime may differ from the code you had during development. Code you only used reflectively may not be deployed. Runtime reflection is only aware of what actually exists at runtime in the running program. This can lead to surprises. For example, one may attempt to reflectively invoke a method that exists in the source code, but has been optimized away because no non-reflective invocations exist. Such an invocation will result in a call to noSuchMethod(). Tree shaking has implications for structural introspection as well. Again, what members a library or type has at runtime may be at variance with what the source code states.

In the presence of mirrors, one could choose to be more conservative. Unfortunately, since one can obtain mirrors for any object in an application, all code in the application would have to be preserved, including the Fart platform itself. Instead, we may choose to treat such invocations as if the method never existed in the source.

We are experimenting with mechanisms for programmers to specify that certain code may not be eliminated by tree shaking. Currently, you may use the MirrorsUsed annotation for this purpose but we expect the details to change significantly over time.

The above should be enough to get you started using mirrors. There is a good deal more to the introspection API; you can explore the API to see what else is there.

We’d like to support more powerful reflective features in the future. These would include mirror builders, designed to allow programs to extend and modify themselves, and a mirror-based debugging API as well.

References

Gilad Bracha and David Ungar. Mirrors: Design Principles for Meta-level Facilities of Object-Oriented Programming Languages. In Proc. of the ACM Conf. on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications, October 2004.

Gilad Bracha. Linguistic Reflection via Mirrors. Screencast of a lecture at HPI Potsdam in January 2010. 57 minutes.

These blog posts on mirrors may also prove useful (and less time consuming to digest):

Gilad Bracha. Through the Looking Glass Darkly.
Allen Wirfs-Brock. Experimenting with Mirrors for JavaScript.
Gilad Bracha. Seeking Closure in the Mirror.

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